There are several modifiable factors that can be targeted to prevent and manage the occurrence and progression of cancer, and maintaining adequate exercise is a crucial one. Regular physical exercise has been shown to be a beneficial strategy in preventing cancer, potentially amplifying the effectiveness of established cancer therapies, alleviating certain cancer-related symptoms, and possibly mitigating side effects resulting from treatment. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms by which exercise affects tumors, especially its impact on the tumor microenvironment (TME), remain uncertain. This review aims to present an overview of the beneficial effects of exercise in the context of cancer management, followed by a summary of the exercise parameters, especially exercise intensity, that need to be considered when prescribing exercise for cancer patients. Finally, we discuss the influence of exercise on the TME, including its effects on crucial immune cells (e.g., T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, B cells), intratumor angiogenesis, and cancer metabolism. This comprehensive review provides up-to-date scientific evidence on the effects of exercise training on cancer and offers guidance to clinicians for the development of safe and feasible exercise training programs for cancer patients in clinical practice.

有几种可改变的因素可以有针对性地预防和控制癌症的发生和进展，其中保持充足的运动是至关重要的因素。定期体育锻炼已被证明是预防癌症的有益策略，可能会增强现有癌症疗法的有效性，减轻某些与癌症相关的症状，并可能减轻治疗产生的副作用。然而，运动影响肿瘤的确切机制，特别是其对肿瘤微环境（TME）的影响仍不确定。本综述旨在概述运动在癌症治疗中的有益效果，然后总结运动参数，特别是运动强度，这些参数在为癌症患者制定运动处方时需要考虑。最后，我们讨论运动对 TME 的影响，包括其对关键免疫细胞（例如 T 细胞、巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞、自然杀伤细胞、骨髓源性抑制细胞、B 细胞）、肿瘤内血管生成和癌症代谢的影响。这篇全面的综述提供了关于运动训练对癌症影响的最新科学证据，并为临床医生在临床实践中为癌症患者制定安全可行的运动训练计划提供指导。