Abstract
Most studies of liquid lubricants were carried out at temperatures below 200 °C. However, the service temperature of lubricants for aerospace and aeroengine has reached above 300 °C. In order to investigate the friction mechanism and provide data for high temperature lubrication, the friction and wear properties of chlorophenyl silicone oil (CPSO)-lubricated M50 steel and Si3N4 friction pairs were investigated herein. Ball-on-disk experimental results show that the lubrication performance of CPSO varies significantly with temperature. Below 150 °C, coefficient of friction (COF) remains at 0.13–0.15 after the short running-in stage (600 s), while the COF in the running-in stage is 0.2–0.3. At 200 °C and above, the running-in time is much longer (1,200 s), and the initial instantaneous maximum COF can reach 0.5. Under this condition, the COF gradually decreases and finally stabilizes at around 0.16–0.17 afterwards. This phenomenon is mainly due to the different thickness of boundary adsorption film. More importantly, the wear rate of M50 steel increases significantly with the temperature, while the wear rate barely changes at temperatures above 200 °C. The anti-wear mechanism is explained as tribochemical reactions are more likely to occur between CPSO and steel surface with the increased temperature, generating the FeCl2 protective film on the metal surface. Accordingly, FeCl2 tribochemical film improves the lubrication and anti-wear capacity of the system. At high temperatures (200–350 °C), FeCl2 film becomes thicker, and the contact region pressure becomes lower due to the larger wear scar size, so the wear rate growth of M50 steel is much smaller compared with that of low temperatures (22–150 °C). The main findings in this study demonstrate that CPSO lubricant has good anti-wear and lubrication capacity, which is capable of working under temperatures up to 350 °C.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Meng Y G, Xu J, Jin Z M, Prakash B, Hu Y Z. A review of recent advances in tribology. Friction 8(2): 221–300 (2020)
Guan J. Research on rolling contact fatigue damage behavior of m50 bearing steel in aeroengine rolling bearing. Ph.D. Thesis. Harbin (China): Harbin Institute of Technology, 2019. (in Chinese)
Tang, G Z, Xu, F J, Ma, X X. Microstructure and properties of surface modified layer for M50 steel by high current pulsed electron beam. Heat Treat Met 35(7): 62–65 (2010) (in Chinese)
Ge Q J, Zhang X H, MaX X, Chen X G, Tang G Z. Tribological Properties of TiN Coated M50 Steel for High Temperature Bearing Against Sliver Coatings. Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology (Z2): 54–58 (2017) (in Chinese)
Dante R C, Kajdas C K. A review and a fundamental theory of silicon nitride tribochemistry. Wear 288: 27–38 (2012)
Wang L, Snidle R W, Gu L. Rolling contact silicon nitride bearing technology: A review of recent research. Wear 246(1–2): 159–173 (2000)
Liu W M, Xu J, Feng D P, Wang X B. The research status and prospect of synthetic lubricating oils. Tribology 33(1): 91–104 (2013) (in Chinese)
Feng D P, Weng L J, Liu W M. Progress of tribology of perfluoropolyether oil. Mocaxue Xuebao/tribology 25(6): 597–602 (2005)
Wang D. Lubricating oil of future aviation engine. Synthetic Lubricants 32(4): 26–29 (2005)
Zhu L Y, Chen L G, Liu H C, Lei J, Zhang N S. Tribological and corrosion behaviors of benzotriazolium ionic liquids as lubricants of steel-steel system. Tribology 34(6): 715–721 (2014) (in Chinese)
Li H J, Tian P Y, Lu H Y, Jia W P, Du H D, Zhang X J, Li Q Y, Tian Y. State-of-the-art of extreme pressure lubrication realized with the high thermal diffusivity of liquid metal. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9(6): 5638–5644 (2017)
Bai P P, Li S W, Tao D S, Jia W P, Meng Y G, Tian Y. Tribological properties of liquid-metal galinstan as novel additive in lithium grease. Tribol Int 128: 181–189 (2018)
Bai P P, Li S W, Jia W P, Ma L R, Meng Y G, Tian Y. Environmental atmosphere effect on lubrication performance of gallium-based liquid metal. Tribol Int 141: 105904 (2020)
Andriot M, Chao S H, Colas A, Cray S, DeBuyl F, DeGroot J V, Dupont A, Easton T, Garaud J L, Gerlach E, et al. Chapter 2—Silicones in industrial applications. Inorganic polymers: 61–161 (2007)
Ebert F J. Performance of silicon nitride (Si3N4) components in aerospace bearing applications. In Proceedings of the ASME 1990 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition, Brussels, Belgium, 1990.
Wang L, Wood R J K, Harvey T J, Morris S, Powrie H E G, Care I. Wear performance of oil lubricated silicon nitride sliding against various bearing steels. Wear 255(1–6): 657–668 (2003)
Shi H T, Bai X T. Model-based uneven loading condition monitoring of full ceramic ball bearings in starved lubrication. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 139: 106583 (2020)
Lin, G Y, Wang, S R, Wang, L P. Frictional performance and leakage of ball bearings lubricated by chlorphenyl silicone oil in vacuum. Tribology 29(6): 526–530 (2009) (in Chinese)
Weng L J, Wang H Z, Feng D P, Pan G M, Duan Y R, Liu W M, Xue Q J. Synthesis and tribological behavior of a chlorinated-phenyl methyl-terminated silicon oil as aerospace lubricant. Mocaxue Xuebao/tribology 25(3): 254–257 (2005)
Schiefer H M, Awe R W, Whipple C L. Extending the utility of silicone lubricants through structural modifications. J Chem Eng Data 6(1): 155–160 (1961)
Schiefer H M, Van Dyke J. Boundary lubricating properties of fluoroalkyl silicones in bench and pump tests. S L E Trans 7(1): 32–42 (1964)
Weng L J, Wang H Z, Feng D P, Liu W M, Xue Q J. Tribological behavior of the synthetic chlorine- and fluorine-containing silicon oil as aerospace lubricant. Ind Lubr Tribol 60(5): 216–221 (2008)
Jiang K J, Zhang X. Lubricity of fluorosilicone. Journal of Aeronautical Materials 31(4): 81–85 (2011) (in Chinese)
Lv M, Yang L J, Wang Q H, Wang T M, Liang Y M. Tribological performance and lubrication mechanism of solid-liquid lubricating materials in high-vacuum and irradiation environments. Tribol Lett 59(1): 20 (2015)
Munavirov B, Black J J, Shah F U, Leckner J, Rutland M W, Harper J B, Glavatskih S. The effect of anion architecture on the lubrication chemistry of phosphonium orthoborate ionic liquids. Sci Rep 11: 24021 (2021)
Wu Q. Silicone oil and lubricate. Journal of Shaanxi Normal University (Natural Science Edition) (Z01): 163–172 (1981) (in Chinese)
Zhou N. Introduction of silicone polymer. Beijing: Science Press, 2000.
Dube M J, Bollea D, Jones W R, Marchetti M, Jansen M J. A new synthetic hydrocarbon liquid lubricant for space applications. Tribol Lett 15(1): 3–8 (2003)
Li X, Lin F J, Du S M, Wu C C. Comparative analysis of high performance bearing steels. Heat Treatment of Metals 46(6): 14–20 (2021) (in Chinese)
Khonsari M M, Ghatrehsamani S, Akbarzadeh S. On the running-in nature of metallic tribo-components: A review. Wear 474–475: 203871 (2021)
Blau P J. On the nature of running-in. Tribol Int 38(11–12): 1007–1012 (2005)
Wen X L, Bai P P, Meng Y G, Ma L R, Tian Y. High-temperature superlubricity realized with chlorinated-phenyl and methyl-terminated silicone oil and hydrogen-ion running-in. Langmuir 38(32): 10043–10051 (2022)
Zhang C W, Peng B, Wang L Q, Ma X X, Gu L. Thermal-induced surface damage of M50 steel at rolling-sliding contacts. Wear 420–421: 116–122 (2019)
Aisyah I S, Caesarendra W, Kurniawati D, Maftuchah M, Agung D, Glowacz A, Oprzędkiewicz K, Liu H. Study of jatropha curcas linn and olea europaea as bio-oil lubricant to physical properties and wear rate. Lubricants 9(4): 39 (2021)
Peng H L, You X Z, Xu X M, Qiu B L, Shao Y G. Synthesis Process of Methylphenyl Silicone Resin. Insulating Materials 44(4): 16–19 (2011) (in Chinese)
Li C X. Infrared spectroscopeic analysis of synthetic lubes. Synthetic Lubricants 42(4): 36–40 (2015) (in Chinese)
Freedman H H. Intramolecular H-bonds. I. A spectroscopic study of the hydrogen bond between hydroxyl and nitrogen. J Am Chem Soc 83(13): 2900–2905 (1961)
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 52275198, 52075037, 51805292), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Nos. 2021XJJD01), Beijing Natural Science Foundation (No. 22C10149, 2202020) and Tribology Science Fund of State Key Laboratory of Tribology (Nos. SKLTKF21A01, SKLT2022B11).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. The author Yonggang MENG is the Associate Editor of this journal. The author Yu TIAN is the Editorial Board Member of this journal.
Additional information
Yan MENG. He is now a Ph.D. candidate in the School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing. His current research focuses on the high temperature lubrication of the bearing steel.
Yu TIAN. He is professor and director of the State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment at Tsinghua University, China. He gained his B.S. and Ph.D. degrees in mechanical engineering at Tsinghua University in 1998 and 2002, respectively. He was a postdoc at the University of California, Santa Barbara, USA, with Professor Jacob ISRAELACHVILI from 2005 to 2007. He has published over 200 peer-reviewed journal papers. He has received the Ten Thousand People Leading Plan Innovation Leading Talents of China (2019), the Youth Science and Technology Award of China (2016), the Yangtze River Scholars Distinguished Professor (2015-2019), the National Science Found for Distinguished Young Scholars of China (2014), the Wen Shizhu-Maple Award-Young Scholar Award (2012), the Young Scholar Achievement Award of the Society of Mechanical Engineering of China (2011), the Outstanding Young Scholar Award of the Chinese Tribology Institute (2009), and the National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of China (2004). His research interest is the science and technology at the interface of physics, materials, engineering, and biology to understand the physical laws of adhesion, friction, and rheology to implement technological inventions to benefit the society.
Jie CHENG. She is professor in the School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing. She obtained her Ph.D. from Tsinghua University, China, in 2016 and B.E. from Shandong University, China, in 2011, and worked as a postdoctoral fellow at Tsinghua University and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden, during 2017–2019. She received the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by China Association for Science and Technology (CAST; 2022). Her current research interests emphasize the use of corrosion science, tribology technology, and surface & interface techniques to: 1) study the chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) technology of integrated circuit fabrication for advanced technology node; 2) develop bio-inspired green multifunctional coatings for engineering purpose; 3) ultra-precision machining of photovoltaic cell panel to increase the power generation efficiency.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Meng, Y., Wen, X., Cheng, J. et al. High temperature lubrication performance of chlorophenyl silicone oil. Friction (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-023-0827-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-023-0827-6