Abstract
The reciprocity and variation of values and beliefs are dynamic features of the parent-child relationship. Parents and adolescents may hold congruent or incongruent views regarding the malleability of socioeconomic status (mindset of SES), potentially influencing adolescents’ psychological and physiological stress outcomes, as reflected in stress perceptions and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis functioning. The current study investigated how patterns of parent-adolescent congruence and incongruence in mindset of SES were associated with adolescents’ perceived stress and diurnal cortisol patterns four months later. A total of 253 adolescents (Mage = 12.60, 46.2% girls) and their parents (Mage = 40.09 years, 59.5% mothers) participated in this study. Polynomial regression analyses and response surface analyses showed that adolescents perceived lower levels of stress when they themselves or their parents reported a stronger growth mindset of SES. Additionally, adolescents with a stronger growth mindset of SES also exhibited a steeper diurnal cortisol slope. Moreover, parents’ mindset significantly interacted with adolescents’ mindset to influence adolescents’ diurnal cortisol patterns such that when adolescents hold weaker growth mindset of SES, those with higher parental growth mindsets had significantly higher cortisol awakening response and steeper diurnal cortisol slope. Furthermore, adolescents who showed incongruence with their parents but had averagely stronger growth mindsets of SES reported a significantly steeper diurnal cortisol slope than those who had averagely weaker growth mindsets with their parents. The findings point to the beneficial impacts of the growth mindset of SES on stress-related outcomes among adolescents, as well as the significance of considering both parents’ and adolescents’ mindsets when exploring these associations.
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Preparation of this manuscript was supported by Grant 0095/2022/AFJ and 0087/2021/A from the Science and Technology Development Fund (FDCT), from Macau, S.A.R., China.
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S.Z. participated in conceptualizing the study, data collection, conducting statistical analyses, and drafting the manuscript; H.D. participated in conceptualization of the study and interpretation of the results; L.C. participated in data collection, conceptualization of the study, and interpretation of the results; and P.C. participated in the design and coordination of the study, provided critical reviews of the manuscript, and contributed to funding acquisition. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Zhao, S., Du, H., Chen, L. et al. Interplay of Adolescents’ and Parents’ Mindsets of Socioeconomic Status on Adolescents’ Stress-Related Outcomes. J. Youth Adolescence 53, 1287–1300 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-024-01975-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-024-01975-y