Despite advances in understanding the cellular and molecular processes underlying memory and cognition, and recent successful modulation of cognitive performance in brain disorders, the neurophysiological mechanisms remain underexplored. High frequency oscillations beyond the classic electroencephalogram spectrum have emerged as a potential neural correlate of fundamental cognitive processes. High frequency oscillations are detected in the human mesial temporal lobe and neocortical intracranial recordings spanning gamma/epsilon (60-150 Hz), ripple (80-250 Hz) and higher frequency ranges. Separate from other non-oscillatory activities, these brief electrophysiological oscillations of distinct duration, frequency and amplitude are thought to be generated by coordinated spiking of neuronal ensembles within volumes as small as a single cortical column. Although the exact origins, mechanisms, and physiological roles in health and disease remain elusive, they have been associated with human memory consolidation and cognitive processing. Recent studies suggest their involvement in encoding and recall of episodic memory with a possible role in the formation and reactivation of memory traces. High frequency oscillations are detected during encoding, throughout maintenance, and right before recall of remembered items, meeting a basic definition for an engram activity. The temporal coordination of high frequency oscillations reactivated across cortical and subcortical neural networks is ideally suited for integrating multimodal memory representations, which can be replayed and consolidated during states of wakefulness and sleep. High frequency oscillations have been shown to reflect coordinated bursts of neuronal assembly firing and offer a promising substrate for tracking and modulation of the hypothetical electrophysiological engram.

中文翻译：

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人类记忆和认知中的高频振荡：印迹的神经生理学基础？

尽管在理解记忆和认知背后的细胞和分子过程方面取得了进展，并且最近成功地调节了大脑疾病中的认知表现，但神经生理学机制仍未得到充分探索。超出经典脑电图频谱的高频振荡已成为基本认知过程的潜在神经关联。在人类内侧颞叶和新皮质颅内记录中检测到高频振荡，涵盖伽玛/ε（60-150 Hz）、纹波（80-250 Hz）和更高频率范围。与其他非振荡活动不同，这些具有不同持续时间、频率和幅度的短暂电生理振荡被认为是由小至单个皮质柱的神经元群的协调尖峰产生的。尽管健康和疾病中的确切起源、机制和生理作用仍然难以捉摸，但它们与人类记忆巩固和认知处理有关。最近的研究表明，它们参与情景记忆的编码和回忆，并可能在记忆痕迹的形成和重新激活中发挥作用。在编码过程中、整个维护过程中以及在回忆项目之前，都会检测到高频振荡，满足印迹活动的基本定义。皮层和皮层下神经网络重新激活的高频振荡的时间协调非常适合整合多模态记忆表征，这些表征可以在清醒和睡眠状态下重播和巩固。高频振荡已被证明可以反映神经元组装放电的协调爆发，并为跟踪和调节假设的电生理印迹提供有希望的基质。