Supercapacitors (SCs), renowned for their exceptional power density and robust cycle life, are fast becoming indispensable in the realm of energy storage. Yet, their limited operational temperature range presents a significant barrier to their employment in extreme environments. This review offers a comprehensive exploration of recent strides made in broadening the operational temperature boundaries of SCs, with a sharp emphasis on trailblazing strategies and materials. It encompasses meticulous electrolyte engineering, innovative electrode material design, separator modifications, and the creation of advanced integrated architectures. At the core of this exploration lies the multifaceted universe of electrolytes, where the spotlight shines on the diversity and potential of aqueous, gel, organic, and ionic liquid electrolytes. Further, we underscore the pivotal role of electrode materials, emphasizing the importance of fine-tuning pore structures, surface areas, and intrinsic properties to enhance ion transport kinetics. Additionally, the often underappreciated yet critical function of separators in maintaining safety under wide-temperature operational windows is also thoroughly discussed. To conclude, we recognize the enduring challenges and look towards the horizon, exploring prospects concerning the development of cost-effective, high-performance materials, and optimized device designs that consider multicomponent interactions. The objective of this review is to offer valuable insights, fostering further advancements of SCs, particularly in adapting to and functioning within extreme environmental conditions.

中文翻译：

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超越传统限制：扩大超级电容器工作温度范围的进步和见解


超级电容器（SC）以其卓越的功率密度和强大的循环寿命而闻名，正迅速成为能源存储领域不可或缺的一部分。然而，其有限的工作温度范围对其在极端环境中的使用构成了重大障碍。这篇综述全面探讨了最近在拓宽超级电容器工作温度范围方面取得的进展，重点关注开拓性策略和材料。它包括细致的电解质工程、创新的电极材料设计、隔膜修改以及先进集成架构的创建。这一探索的核心是电解质的多面性，其中关注的焦点是水性、凝胶、有机和离子液体电解质的多样性和潜力。此外，我们强调了电极材料的关键作用，强调微调孔隙结构、表面积和内在特性以增强离子传输动力学的重要性。此外，还深入讨论了分离器在宽温度操作窗口下维持安全性方面经常被低估但至关重要的功能。总而言之，我们认识到持久的挑战并展望未来，探索开发具有成本效益的高性能材料以及考虑多组分相互作用的优化设备设计的前景。本次审查的目的是提供有价值的见解，促进 SC 的进一步进步，特别是在适应极端环境条件和在极端环境条件下发挥作用方面。