In response to the mass adoption and extensive usage of Internet‐enabled devices across the world, a major review published in this journal in 2019 examined the impact of Internet on human cognition, discussing the concepts and ideas behind the “online brain”. Since then, the online world has become further entwined with the fabric of society, and the extent to which we use such technologies has continued to grow. Furthermore, the research evidence on the ways in which Internet usage affects the human mind has advanced considerably. In this paper, we sought to draw upon the latest data from large‐scale epidemiological studies and systematic reviews, along with randomized controlled trials and qualitative research recently emerging on this topic, in order to now provide a multi‐dimensional overview of the impacts of Internet usage across psychological, cognitive and societal outcomes. Within this, we detail the empirical evidence on how effects differ according to various factors such as age, gender, and usage types. We also draw from new research examining more experiential aspects of individuals’ online lives, to understand how the specifics of their interactions with the Internet, and the impact on their lifestyle, determine the benefits or drawbacks of online time. Additionally, we explore how the nascent but intriguing areas of culturomics, artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and augmented reality are changing our understanding of how the Internet can interact with brain and behavior. Overall, the importance of taking an individualized and multi‐dimensional approach to how the Internet affects mental health, cognition and social functioning is clear. Furthermore, we emphasize the need for guidelines, policies and initiatives around Internet usage to make full use of the evidence available from neuroscientific, behavioral and societal levels of research presented herein.

中文翻译：

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从“在线大脑”到“在线生活”：理解互联网使用对心理、认知和社会维度的个体化影响

为了应对互联网设备在全球的大规模采用和广泛使用，该杂志于 2019 年发表了一篇重要评论，研究了互联网对人类认知的影响，讨论了“在线大脑”背后的概念和想法。从那时起，网络世界与社会结构进一步交织在一起，我们使用此类技术的程度也在持续增长。此外，关于互联网使用如何影响人类思维的研究证据也取得了相当大的进展。在本文中，我们试图利用大规模流行病学研究和系统评价的最新数据，以及最近出现的关于该主题的随机对照试验和定性研究，以便现在提供对流行病影响的多维概述。互联网使用对心理、认知和社会结果的影响。在此，我们详细介绍了效果如何根据年龄、性别和使用类型等各种因素而有所不同的经验证据。我们还从新的研究中汲取灵感，考察个人在线生活的更多体验方面，以了解他们与互联网互动的具体情况以及对他们生活方式的影响如何决定在线时间的好处或缺点。此外，我们还探讨了文化组学、人工智能、虚拟现实和增强现实等新兴但有趣的领域如何改变我们对互联网如何与大脑和行为互动的理解。总体而言，采取个性化和多维方法来研究互联网如何影响心理健康、认知和社会功能的重要性是显而易见的。此外，我们强调需要围绕互联网使用制定指导方针、政策和举措，以充分利用本文提出的神经科学、行为和社会层面的研究提供的证据。