The efficient utilization of the photosensitive rare-earth (RE/Ln) NPs in several fields, such as biosensing, biomarkers, bioimaging, theragnostic, thermometry, anticounterfeiting, fingermark detection, environmental monitoring, photocatalysis, security ink, emitting diodes, and dye-sensitized solar energy, is depending upon their design. In order to get more efficient luminescent Ln-NPs controlled morphology and size are the most significant factors. In this review, we summarized a wide-ranging exploration of the polymeric materials, surfactants, capping agents, ligands/chelating/complexing agents employed as a surfactant to control the growth of nucleus, surface functionality, colloidal dispersibility in polar and nonpolar media. The functionality and colloidal persistence of the nanostructures are highly dependent on the surfactantselection, whereas the morphologyand dimension of the core Ln NPsdetermine its photophysical characteristics. Surface-attached organic moieties either polymeric materials, coating agents, or ligands not only facilitate in controlling analogous shape & size but also assist in aqueous or non-aqueous dispersibility, biocompatibility, hydrodynamically of the as-prepared Ln NPs. However, surfaces covered with organic or high vibrational functional groups/molecules are the main drawback in suppressing the emission efficiency of the Ln-NPs. Therefore, before the synthesis of the luminescent Ln-NPs selection of the chelating ligands or long-chain hydrocarbons/surfactants is important to control these two contradictory features of the luminescent Ln-NPs for efficient use in clinical sciences. Additionally, it concludes with an overview of recent progress in surfactants, long alkyl chain hydrocarbons, chelating ligands, and coating agents highlighting their significance in upcoming prospects and trials in advancing the field. The burgeoning progress of active luminescent Ln nanostructures paves the way for their application in therapeutic, biotechnological, and materials science research, charting new paths for future exploration.

中文翻译：

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探索聚合物和非聚合物材料对发光稀土纳米材料的合成和功能化的影响

光敏稀土（RE/Ln）纳米颗粒在生物传感、生物标记、生物成像、治疗诊断、测温、防伪、指纹检测、环境监测、光催化、安全墨水、发光二极管和染料等多个领域的有效利用敏化太阳能，取决于他们的设计。为了获得更有效的发光Ln-NPs，控制形态和尺寸是最重要的因素。在这篇综述中，我们总结了对聚合物材料、表面活性剂、封端剂、配体/螯合/络合剂用作表面活性剂以控制极性和非极性介质中核生长、表面功能性、胶体分散性的广泛探索。纳米结构的功能性和胶体持久性高度依赖于表面活性剂的选择，而核心Ln NPs的形态和尺寸决定了其光物理特性。表面附着的有机部分（聚合物材料、涂层剂或配体）不仅有助于控制类似的形状和尺寸，而且有助于所制备的 Ln NP 的水性或非水性分散性、生物相容性和流体动力学。然而，表面覆盖有机或高振动官能团/分子是抑制 Ln-NP 发射效率的主要缺点。因此，在合成发光Ln-NPs之前，选择螯合配体或长链碳氢化合物/表面活性剂对于控制发光Ln-NPs的这两个矛盾特征以在临床科学中有效使用非常重要。此外，最后还概述了表面活性剂、长烷基链烃、螯合配体和涂层剂的最新进展，强调了它们在推进该领域的未来前景和试验中的重要性。主动发光Ln纳米结构的迅速发展为其在治疗、生物技术和材料科学研究中的应用铺平了道路，为未来的探索开辟了新的道路。