Scale-invariant breathing oscillations are observed in similar magnetized discharges at different spatiotemporal scales via fully kinetic particle-in-cell simulations. With an increase in the similarity invariant B/p, i.e., the ratio of magnetic field to pressure, breathing oscillations are triggered, leading to an appreciable time-averaged potential fall outside the sheath. With the onset and development of breathing oscillations, the electron energization mechanism shifts from sheath energization to direct Ohmic heating in the ionization region due to the change in the potential fall inside and outside the cathode sheath. Based on the scale invariance of the Boltzmann equation and its collision term, the characteristics of breathing oscillations and the transition of the electron energization mechanism are confirmed to be scale-invariant under similar discharge conditions.

中文翻译：

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磁化放电中尺度不变的呼吸振荡和电子供能机制的转变

通过全动态细胞内粒子模拟，在不同时空尺度的类似磁化放电中观察到尺度不变的呼吸振荡。随着相似不变量 B/p（即磁场与压力之比）的增加，呼吸振荡被触发，导致鞘层外明显的时间平均电势下降。随着呼吸振荡的开始和发展，由于阴极鞘层内外电势的变化，电子供能机制从鞘层供能转变为电离区域的直接欧姆加热。基于玻尔兹曼方程及其碰撞项的尺度不变性，证实了相似放电条件下呼吸振荡的特性和电子赋能机制的转变是尺度不变的。