The growing environmental consequences caused by plastic pollution highlight the need for a better understanding of plastic polymer cycles and their associated additives. We present a novel, comprehensive top-down method using inflow-driven dynamic probabilistic material flow analysis (DPMFA) to map the plastic cycle in coastal countries. For the first time, we covered the progressive leaching of microplastics to the environment during the use phase of products and modeled the presence of 232 plastic additives. We applied this methodology to Norway and proposed initial release pathways to different environmental compartments. 758 kt of plastics distributed among 13 different polymers was introduced to the Norwegian economy in 2020, 4.4 Mt was present in in-use stocks, and 632 kt was wasted, of which 15.2 kt (2.4%) was released to the environment with a similar share of macro- and microplastics and 4.8 kt ended up in the ocean. Our study shows tire wear rubber as a highly pollutive microplastic source, while most macroplastics originated from consumer packaging with LDPE, PP, and PET as dominant polymers. Additionally, 75 kt of plastic additives was potentially released to the environment alongside these polymers. We emphasize that upstream measures, such as consumption reduction and changes in product design, would result in the most positive impact for limiting plastic pollution.

中文翻译：

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绘制沿海国家塑料和塑料添加剂循环图：挪威案例研究

塑料污染造成的环境后果日益严重，凸显了更好地了解塑料聚合物循环及其相关添加剂的必要性。我们提出了一种新颖、全面的自上而下方法，使用流入驱动的动态概率物质流分析（DPMFA）来绘制沿海国家的塑料循环图。我们首次涵盖了产品使用阶段微塑料逐渐浸出到环境中的情况，并对 232 种塑料添加剂的存在进行了建模。我们将这种方法应用于挪威，并提出了不同环境分区的初始释放途径。 2020 年，挪威经济引入了 758 吨塑料，分布在 13 种不同的聚合物中，其中 4.4 吨存在于使用库存中，632 吨被浪费，其中 15.2 吨（2.4%）以类似的方式释放到环境中。宏观塑料和微塑料的份额以及 4.8 吨最终流入海洋。我们的研究表明，轮胎磨损橡胶是一种高度污染的微塑料来源，而大多数大塑料源自以 LDPE、PP 和 PET 作为主要聚合物的消费包装。此外，75 吨塑料添加剂可能与这些聚合物一起释放到环境中。我们强调，上游措施，例如减少消耗和改变产品设计，将对限制塑料污染产生最积极的影响。