Mosquito flight dynamics was considered using an advanced mathematical model with experimentally determined and biologically relevant parameters. The model was developed using a self-consistent algorithm. It described mosquito’s body and wing oscillations using mechanics equations and aerodynamic flows, simultaneously. Six equations were used for the mechanics of the mosquito (relative to the center of mass), and Navier–Stokes equations simulated aerodynamics. Numerical methods employed deformable computational mesh with specific mesh construction near the wing boundaries. Using size, shape and weight characteristics of the Culex quinquefasciatus (male) mosquito the flight dynamics was computed and analyzed. It was determined that the mosquito lift force was proportional to the square of the wing frequency. Specifically, we found a critical frequency of approximately 820 Hz that corresponded to mosquito freezing when the lift force compensated gravity. This number was consistent to experimentally determined mosquito flight characteristics. Mechanism of mosquito’s lift force generation was discussed.

中文翻译：

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具有指定翅膀运动运动参数的蚊子动力学自洽数值模型

使用具有实验确定的生物学相关参数的高级数学模型来考虑蚊子的飞行动力学。该模型是使用自洽算法开发的。它同时使用力学方程和空气动力学流动描述了蚊子的身体和翅膀振荡。蚊子的力学（相对于质心）使用了六个方程，纳维-斯托克斯方程模拟了空气动力学。数值方法采用可变形计算网格，在机翼边界附近具有特定的网格结构。利用致倦库蚊（雄性）的大小、形状和重量特征，计算和分析了飞行动力学。经测定，蚊式升力与翼频的平方成正比。具体来说，我们发现大约 820 Hz 的临界频率对应于升力补偿重力时蚊子被冻结的情况。这个数字与实验确定的蚊子飞行特征一致。讨论了蚊子升力产生的机理。