Objective:

To investigate shared and specific neural correlates of cognitive functions in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the authors performed a comprehensive meta-analysis and considered a balanced set of neuropsychological tasks across the two disorders.

Methods:

A broad set of electronic databases was searched up to December 4, 2022, for task-based functional MRI studies investigating differences between individuals with ADHD or ASD and typically developing control subjects. Spatial coordinates of brain loci differing significantly between case and control subjects were extracted. To avoid potential diagnosis-driven selection bias of cognitive tasks, the tasks were grouped according to the Research Domain Criteria framework, and stratified sampling was used to match cognitive component profiles. Activation likelihood estimation was used for the meta-analysis.

Results:

After screening 20,756 potentially relevant references, a meta-analysis of 243 studies was performed, which included 3,084 participants with ADHD (676 females), 2,654 participants with ASD (292 females), and 6,795 control subjects (1,909 females). ASD and ADHD showed shared greater activations in the lingual and rectal gyri and shared lower activations in regions including the middle frontal gyrus, the parahippocampal gyrus, and the insula. By contrast, there were ASD-specific greater and lower activations in regions including the left middle temporal gyrus and the left middle frontal gyrus, respectively, and ADHD-specific greater and lower activations in the amygdala and the global pallidus, respectively.

Conclusions:

Although ASD and ADHD showed both shared and disorder-specific standardized neural activations, disorder-specific activations were more prominent than shared ones. Functional brain differences between ADHD and ASD are more likely to reflect diagnosis-related pathophysiology than bias from the selection of specific neuropsychological tasks.

中文翻译：

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注意力缺陷多动障碍和自闭症谱系障碍共有和特定的神经相关性：243 项基于任务的功能 MRI 研究的荟萃分析

客观的：

为了研究注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）和自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）认知功能的共享和特定神经相关性，作者进行了全面的荟萃分析，并考虑了这两种疾病的一组平衡的神经心理学任务。

方法：

截至 2022 年 12 月 4 日，我们检索了一系列广泛的电子数据库，以查找基于任务的功能 MRI 研究，调查 ADHD 或 ASD 个体与典型对照受试者之间的差异。提取了病例和对照受试者之间显着不同的大脑位点的空间坐标。为了避免潜在的诊断驱动的认知任务选择偏差，根据研究领域标准框架对任务进行分组，并使用分层抽样来匹配认知成分概况。激活可能性估计用于荟萃分析。

结果：

在筛选了 20,756 份潜在相关参考资料后，对 243 项研究进行了荟萃分析，其中包括 3,084 名 ADHD 参与者（676 名女性）、2,654 名 ASD 参与者（292 名女性）和 6,795 名对照受试者（1,909 名女性）。 ASD 和 ADHD 的舌回和直肠回的激活程度较高，而额中回、海马旁回和岛叶等区域的激活程度较低。相比之下，在包括左侧颞中回和左侧额中回的区域中分别存在 ASD 特异性的较高和较低的激活，在杏仁核和整体苍白球中分别存在 ADHD 特异性的较高和较低的激活。

结论：

尽管自闭症谱系障碍 (ASD) 和多动症 (ADHD) 均表现出共享的和特定于疾病的标准化神经激活，但特定于疾病的激活比共享的激活更为突出。 ADHD 和 ASD 之间的大脑功能差异更可能反映与诊断相关的病理生理学，而不是特定神经心理学任务选择的偏差。