Abiotic resources are indispensable in society, but there are concerns regarding their depletion, scarcity, and increasing prices, resulting in potential economic damage in the future. To address these concerns, it is effective to consider the external costs of resource use. Although resource availability is different among mining sites, and local conditions are relevant in assessing resource scarcity, previous studies have assessed external costs and potential impacts of abiotic resource use globally. This study provides country-specific characterization factors (CFs) of abiotic resource use in life cycle impact assessment based on the user cost model, which represents the external costs of abiotic resource use to reflect country-specific resource scarcity. We demonstrate considerable variations in the CFs depending on the mining country, suggesting that the choice of mining country can affect external costs. The global external cost of abiotic resource use in 2020 was estimated at 1.9 trillion $, with a major contribution from the extraction of fossil fuels in the United States. Historical trends of the CFs and relevant parameters showed temporal fluctuations, emphasizing the importance of regularly updating the data underlying the calculation of the CFs. Country-level assessments of the external costs of resource use can contribute to discussions on the responsibilities of consuming countries by incorporating material footprint studies.

中文翻译：

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基于生命周期影响评估中的用户成本模型的特定国家非生物资源利用的外部成本

非生物资源在社会中是不可或缺的，但人们担心它们的枯竭、稀缺和价格上涨，从而导致未来潜在的经济损失。为了解决这些问题，考虑资源使用的外部成本是有效的。尽管不同矿区的资源可用性不同，并且当地条件与评估资源稀缺性相关，但之前的研究已经评估了全球非生物资源利用的外部成本和潜在影响。本研究基于用户成本模型，在生命周期影响评估中提供了国家特定的非生物资源利用特征因子（CF），该模型代表非生物资源利用的外部成本，以反映国家特定的资源稀缺性。我们证明，根据采矿国的不同，CF 存在相当大的差异，这表明采矿国的选择会影响外部成本。 2020 年全球非生物资源利用的外部成本估计为 1.9 万亿美元，其中主要来自美国化石燃料的开采。 CF 和相关参数的历史趋势显示出时间波动，强调了定期更新 CF 计算基础数据的重要性。对资源使用的外部成本进行国家级评估可以通过纳入物质足迹研究来促进有关消费国责任的讨论。