Numerous empirical studies have highlighted how women experience gender-based disadvantages in accessing, using, and exercising control over forest resources. This paper consolidates and analyses the increasingly rich empirical literature on gender and forest resources within low- and middle-income countries to unravel the multifaceted factors contributing to gender disparities. A systematic literature review comprising 135 studies was conducted analysing the gendered division of labour, access to and use of resources, decision-making power, and underlying gender norms. From the synthesis of these studies, we identify three key dimensions of gender norms affecting ‘gender and forest resources’. These can be conceptualised in terms of (1) gendered , (2) gendered of labour, and (3) gendered of collecting and using forest resources. Each of these dimensions is characterized by internal contradictions, leading to a blurriness of what the norms dictate (‘what should be’) and the actual practices or reality (‘what is’). This begs the question: do the observed contradictions hinder the reinforcement of critical gender norms, or do they mark the beginning of a transformative shift in gender norms concerning forest resources?

中文翻译：

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低收入和中等收入国家的性别与森林资源：系统文献综述

大量实证研究强调了妇女在获取、使用和控制森林资源方面如何经历基于性别的劣势。本文整合并分析了低收入和中等收入国家中日益丰富的关于性别和森林资源的实证文献，以揭示造成性别差异的多方面因素。我们对 135 项研究进行了系统的文献综述，分析了性别分工、资源的获取和使用、决策权和基本的性别规范。通过综合这些研究，我们确定了影响“性别与森林资源”的性别规范的三个关键维度。这些可以从以下方面进行概念化：(1) 性别，(2) 劳动力性别，(3) 森林资源收集和使用性别。这些维度中的每一个都具有内部矛盾的特点，导致规范规定的内容（“应该是什么”）和实际的实践或现实（“是什么”）变得模糊。这就引出了一个问题：所观察到的矛盾是否阻碍了关键性别规范的强化，或者它们是否标志着有关森林资源的性别规范变革的开始？