Here, we report an experimental demonstration of perovskite solar cells dominated by bimolecular recombination and critically analyze their performance against radiative limits. To this end, we first establish a set of quantitative benchmark characteristics expected from solar cells that are limited by bimolecular recombination. Transient as well as steady-state intensity dependent measurements indicate that our solar cells indeed operate at such limits with interface passivation comparable to that of the champion c-Si technology. Further, we identify characterization schemes that enable consistent back extraction of recombination parameters from transient optoelectrical and electroluminescence measurements. Remarkably, these parameters predict important features of dark current density vs voltage characteristics (J–V) and Suns-V_OC measurements, thus validating the estimates and the methodology. Uniquely, this work provides a consistent and coherent interpretation of diverse experimental trends ranging from dark J–V, Suns-V_OC, steady-state, and transient intensity dependent measurements to electroluminescence quantum yield. As such, insights shared in this manuscript could have significant implications toward fundamental electronic processes in perovskite solar cells and further efficiency optimization toward Shockley–Queisser limits.

中文翻译：

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以双分子复合为主的钙钛矿太阳能电池──辐射极限有多远？

在这里，我们报告了以双分子重组为主的钙钛矿太阳能电池的实验演示，并严格分析了其针对辐射限制的性能。为此，我们首先建立了一组受双分子重组限制的太阳能电池预期的定量基准特征。瞬态和稳态强度相关测量表明，我们的太阳能电池确实在这样的极限下运行，其界面钝化可与冠军 c-Si 技术相当。此外，我们确定了能够从瞬态光电和电致发光测量中一致地反向提取重组参数的表征方案。值得注意的是，这些参数预测了暗电流密度与电压特性 ( J – V ) 和 Suns- V _OC测量的重要特征，从而验证了估计和方法。独特的是，这项工作为从暗J - V、Suns- V _OC、稳态和瞬态强度依赖测量到电致发光量子产率的各种实验趋势提供了一致和连贯的解释。因此，本手稿中分享的见解可能对钙钛矿太阳能电池的基本电子过程以及针对肖克利-奎瑟极限的进一步效率优化产生重大影响。