Granular materials – aggregates of many discrete, disconnected solid particles – are ubiquitous in natural and industrial settings. Predictive models for their behavior have wide ranging applications, e.g. in defense, mining, construction, pharmaceuticals, and the exploration of planetary surfaces. In many of these applications, granular materials mix and interact with liquids and gases, changing their effective behavior in non-intuitive ways. Although such materials have been studied for more than a century, a unified description of their behaviors remains elusive.

中文翻译：

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高速冲击事件期间流体饱和脆性颗粒材料的预测模型

粒状材料——许多离散、互不相连的固体颗粒的聚集体——在自然和工业环境中无处不在。它们行为的预测模型具有广泛的应用，例如国防、采矿、建筑、制药和行星表面的探索。在许多此类应用中，颗粒材料与液体和气体混合并相互作用，以非直观的方式改变其有效行为。尽管人们对这些材料的研究已经有一个多世纪了，但对其行为的统一描述仍然难以捉摸。