Cancer presents a formidable challenge in modern medicine due to the intratumoral heterogeneity and the dynamic microenvironmental niche. Natural or genetically engineered oncolytic bacteria have always been hailed by scientists for their intrinsic tumor‐targeting and oncolytic capacities. However, the immunogenicity and low toxicity inevitably constrain their application in clinical practice. When nanomaterials, characterized by distinctive physicochemical properties, are integrated with oncolytic bacteria, they achieve mutually complementary advantages and construct efficient and safe nanobiohybrids. In this review, we initially analyze the merits and drawbacks of conventional tumor therapeutic approaches, followed by a detailed examination of the precise oncolysis mechanisms employed by oncolytic bacteria. Subsequently, we focus on harnessing nanomaterial‐assisted oncolytic bacteria (NAOB) to augment the effectiveness of tumor therapy and utilizing them as nanotheranostic agents for imaging‐guided tumor treatment. Finally, by summarizing and analyzing the current deficiencies of NAOB, this review provides some innovative directions for developing nanobiohybrids, intending to infuse novel research concepts into the realm of solid tumor therapy.

中文翻译：

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纳米材料辅助溶瘤细菌在实体瘤诊断和治疗中的应用

由于肿瘤内的异质性和动态的微环境生态位，癌症对现代医学提出了巨大的挑战。天然或基因工程的溶瘤细菌因其内在的肿瘤靶向和溶瘤能力而一直受到科学家的欢迎。然而，免疫原性和低毒性不可避免地限制了其在临床实践中的应用。当具有独特理化性质的纳米材料与溶瘤细菌结合时，它们可以实现优势互补，构建高效、安全的纳米生物杂交体。在这篇综述中，我们首先分析了传统肿瘤治疗方法的优点和缺点，然后详细检查了溶瘤细菌采用的精确溶瘤机制。随后，我们专注于利用纳米材料辅助溶瘤细菌（NAOB）来增强肿瘤治疗的有效性，并将其用作成像引导肿瘤治疗的纳米治疗剂。最后，通过总结和分析NAOB目前的不足，本文为开发纳米生物杂化物提供了一些创新方向，旨在将新颖的研究理念注入实体瘤治疗领域。