Interoperability has been a focus of attention over at least four decades, with the emergence of several interoperability types (or levels), diverse models, frameworks, and solutions, also as a result of a continuous effort from different domains. The current heterogeneity in technologies such as blockchain, IoT and new application domains such as Industry 4.0 brings not only new interaction possibilities but also challenges for interoperability. Moreover, confusion and ambiguity in the current understanding of interoperability types exist, hampering stakeholders’ communication and decision making. This work presents an updated panorama of software-intensive systems interoperability with particular attention to its types. For this, we conducted a tertiary study that scrutinized 37 secondary studies published from 2012 to 2023, from which we found 36 interoperability types associated with 117 different definitions, besides 13 interoperability models and six frameworks in various domains. This panorama reveals that the concern with interoperability has migrated from technical to social-technical issues going beyond the software systems’ boundary and still requiring solving many open issues. We also address the urgent actions and also potential research opportunities to leverage interoperability as a multidisciplinary research field to achieve low-coupled, cost-effective, and interoperable systems.

至少四十年来，互操作性一直是人们关注的焦点，随着多种互操作性类型（或级别）、不同模型、框架和解决方案的出现，也是不同领域不断努力的结果。当前区块链、物联网等技术的异构性以及工业4.0等新应用领域不仅带来了新的交互可能性，也带来了互操作性的挑战。此外，当前对互操作性类型的理解存在混乱和模糊，阻碍了利益相关者的沟通和决策。这项工作展示了软件密集型系统互操作性的最新全景，特别关注其类型。为此，我们进行了一项三级研究，仔细审查了 2012 年至 2023 年发表的 37 项二级研究，从中我们发现了与 117 个不同定义相关的 36 种互操作性类型，此外还有各个领域的 13 个互操作性模型和 6 个框架。这张全景图揭示了对互操作性的关注已经从技术问题转向社会技术问题，超出了软件系统的边界，并且仍然需要解决许多开放性问题。我们还讨论了紧急行动和潜在的研究机会，以利用互操作性作为一个多学科研究领域来实现低耦合、具有成本效益和可互操作的系统。