Transfer RNA (tRNA)-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) are a new type of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) produced by the specific cleavage of precursor or mature tRNAs. tsRNAs are involved in various basic biological processes such as epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and translation regulation, thereby affecting the occurrence and development of various human diseases, including cancers. Recent studies have shown that tsRNAs play an important role in tumorigenesis by regulating biological behaviors such as malignant proliferation, invasion and metastasis, angiogenesis, immune response, tumor resistance, and tumor metabolism reprogramming. These may be new potential targets for tumor treatment. Furthermore, tsRNAs can exist abundantly and stably in various bodily fluids (e.g., blood, serum, and urine) in the form of free or encapsulated extracellular vesicles, thereby affecting intercellular communication in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Meanwhile, their abnormal expression is closely related to the clinicopathological features of tumor patients, such as tumor staging, lymph node metastasis, and poor prognosis of tumor patients; thus, tsRNAs can be served as a novel type of liquid biopsy biomarker. This review summarizes the discovery, production, and expression of tsRNAs and analyzes their molecular mechanisms in tumor development and potential applications in tumor therapy, which may provide new strategies for early diagnosis and targeted therapy of tumors.

中文翻译：

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tRNA 衍生的小 RNA 在人类癌症中的作用、机制和临床应用

转移 RNA (tRNA) 衍生的小 RNA (tsRNA) 是一种新型非编码 RNA (ncRNA)，由前体或成熟 tRNA 的特异性切割产生。 tsRNA参与表观遗传、转录、转录后、翻译调控等多种基本生物过程，从而影响包括癌症在内的多种人类疾病的发生和发展。近年来的研究表明，tsRNA通过调节恶性增殖、侵袭转移、血管生成、免疫反应、肿瘤抵抗、肿瘤代谢重编程等生物学行为，在肿瘤发生中发挥重要作用。这些可能是肿瘤治疗的新的潜在靶点。此外，tsRNA可以以游离或封装的细胞外囊泡的形式大量且稳定地存在于各种体液（例如血液、血清和尿液）中，从而影响肿瘤微环境（TME）中的细胞间通讯。同时，其异常表达与肿瘤患者的肿瘤分期、淋巴结转移、肿瘤患者不良预后等临床病理特征密切相关。因此，tsRNA可以作为一种新型的液体活检生物标志物。本文综述了tsRNA的发现、产生和表达，分析了其在肿瘤发生发展中的分子机制以及在肿瘤治疗中的潜在应用，为肿瘤的早期诊断和靶向治疗提供新策略。