Wound healing is the complex physiological process of restoring the skin's integrity, structure, and function after damage caused by external conditions. The wound healing cascade may be altered due to the progression of certain diseases, such as diabetes, venous hypertension, or peripheral arterial disease, resulting in non-healing chronic wounds. Chronic wounds can be characterized by a wide variety of pathologies including increased reactive oxygen species, ineffective neutrophil activity, overabundance of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and chronic hypoxia. Medical intervention is crucial to heal chronic wounds. This review explores current research to engineer improved chronic wound treatment devices, dressings, and constructs to facilitate tissue regeneration and wound closure. This review first covers different physical stimulation therapies, then, local therapeutic delivery systems, and finally three-dimensional (bio)printing techniques for the fabrication of skin grafts and wound dressings. Additionally, the review discusses the regulatory process for bringing cutting-edge wound healing technologies to market and highlights currently approved products for wound treatment. At the end, the unmet need and future directions that the field should expand are discussed.

中文翻译：

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刺激伤口愈合的工程工具

伤口愈合是皮肤在受到外界条件损伤后恢复其完整性、结构和功能的复杂生理过程。伤口愈合级联可能会因某些疾病的进展而改变，例如糖尿病、静脉高血压或外周动脉疾病，导致慢性伤口不愈合。慢性伤口的特征在于多种病理，包括活性氧增加、中性粒细胞活性无效、促炎细胞因子过多和慢性缺氧。医疗干预对于治愈慢性伤口至关重要。本综述探讨了当前的研究，旨在设计改进的慢性伤口治疗装置、敷料和结构，以促进组织再生和伤口闭合。本综述首先介绍了不同的物理刺激疗法，然后介绍了局部治疗输送系统，最后介绍了用于制造皮肤移植物和伤口敷料的三维（生物）打印技术。此外，该审查还讨论了将尖端伤口愈合技术推向市场的监管流程，并重点介绍了目前批准的伤口治疗产品。最后，讨论了该领域未满足的需求和未来应该扩展的方向。