Cancer progression is continuously controlled by the immune system which can identify and destroy nascent tumor cells or inhibit metastatic spreading. However, the immune system and its deregulated activity in the tumor microenvironment can also promote tumor progression favoring the outgrowth of cancers capable of escaping immune control, in a process termed cancer immunoediting. This process, which has been classified into three phases, i.e. “elimination”, “equilibrium” and “escape”, is influenced by several cancer- and microenvironment-dependent factors. Senescence is a cellular program primed by cells in response to different pathophysiological stimuli, which is based on long-lasting cell cycle arrest and the secretion of numerous bioactive and inflammatory molecules. Because of this, cellular senescence is a potent immunomodulatory factor promptly recruiting immune cells and actively promoting tissue remodeling. In the context of cancer, these functions can lead to both cancer immunosurveillance and immunosuppression. In this review, the authors will discuss the role of senescence in cancer immunoediting, highlighting its context- and timing-dependent effects on the different three phases, describing how senescent cells promote immune cell recruitment for cancer cell elimination or sustain tumor microenvironment inflammation for immune escape. A potential contribution of senescent cells in cancer dormancy, as a mechanism of therapy resistance and cancer relapse, will be discussed with the final objective to unravel the immunotherapeutic implications of senescence modulation in cancer.

中文翻译：

---

癌症免疫编辑的衰老之旅

癌症进展由免疫系统持续控制，免疫系统可以识别并破坏新生肿瘤细胞或抑制转移扩散。然而，免疫系统及其在肿瘤微环境中失调的活性也可以促进肿瘤进展，有利于能够逃脱免疫控制的癌症的生长，这一过程称为癌症免疫编辑。这一过程分为三个阶段，即“消除”、“平衡”和“逃逸”，受到多种癌症和微环境依赖性因素的影响。衰老是细胞响应不同病理生理刺激而启动的细胞程序，其基于持久的细胞周期停滞和大量生物活性和炎症分子的分泌。因此，细胞衰老是一种有效的免疫调节因子，可以迅速招募免疫细胞并积极促进组织重塑。在癌症的背景下，这些功能可以导致癌症免疫监视和免疫抑制。在这篇综述中，作者将讨论衰老在癌症免疫编辑中的作用，强调其对不同三个阶段的背景和时间依赖性影响，描述衰老细胞如何促进免疫细胞招募以消除癌细胞或维持肿瘤微环境炎症以实现免疫逃脱。作为治疗抵抗和癌症复发的机制，衰老细胞在癌症休眠中的潜在贡献将被讨论，最终目标是揭示衰老调节在癌症中的免疫治疗意义。