Gastrointestinal cancer (GIC) is the most prevalent and highly metastatic malignant tumor and has a significant impact on mortality rates. Nevertheless, the swift advancement of contemporary technology has not seamlessly aligned with the evolution of detection methodologies, resulting in a deficit of innovative and efficient clinical assays for GIC. Given that exosomes are preferentially released by a myriad of cellular entities, predominantly originating from neoplastic cells, this confers exosomes with a composition enriched in cancer-specific constituents. Furthermore, exosomes exhibit ubiquitous presence across diverse biological fluids, endowing them with the inherent advantages of non-invasiveness, real-time monitoring, and tumor specificity. The unparalleled advantages inherent in exosomes render them as an ideal liquid biopsy biomarker for early diagnosis, prognosticating the potential development of GIC metastasis. In this review, we summarized the latest research progress and possible potential targets on cancer-derived exosomes (CDEs) in GIC with an emphasis on the mechanisms of exosome promoting cancer metastasis, highlighting the potential roles of CDEs as the biomarker and treatment in metastatic GIC.

中文翻译：

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癌症来源的外泌体作为转移性胃肠癌的新型生物标志物

胃肠癌（GIC）是最常见和高度转移的恶性肿瘤，对死亡率有重大影响。然而，当代技术的快速进步并没有与检测方法的发展无缝衔接，导致 GIC 缺乏创新和高效的临床检测。鉴于外泌体优先由多种细胞实体（主要源自肿瘤细胞）释放，这使得外泌体具有富含癌症特异性成分的成分。此外，外泌体在多种生物体液中普遍存在，赋予其非侵入性、实时监测和肿瘤特异性的固有优势。外泌体固有的无与伦比的优势使其成为早期诊断、预测 GIC 转移的潜在发展的理想液体活检生物标志物。在这篇综述中，我们总结了GIC中癌源性外泌体（CDEs）的最新研究进展和可能的潜在靶点，重点介绍了外泌体促进癌症转移的机制，强调了CDEs作为转移性GIC的生物标志物和治疗的潜在作用。