Lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved remarkable efficiencies comparable to those of their established silicon counterparts at a very fast pace. Moreover, solution-processable facile technologies offer low-cost, low-temperature, scalable fabrication of these solar cells. Numerous studies have focused on improving the performance, stability, and processing of PSCs. However, potential lead toxicity and poor long-term stability impede their commercialization. In recent years, several studies have developed novel encapsulants for PSCs that can simultaneously improve stability and impede potential lead leakage. Although improvements have been made on both fronts, no solution to date could achieve a level of stability and leakage prevention that could result in a market breakthrough. Here, we analyze PSC encapsulation and lead leakage prevention techniques undertaken in recent years. While most of the related studies focused on improving either stability or toxicity, we note that both can be solved together with a suitable encapsulant that is impermeable to both moisture and Pb2+ ions. In addition, the lack of a unified standard stability testing protocol has led to stability testing under a variety of temperatures, humidities, and environmental conditions. Therefore, the urgency for a standard protocol for stability and lead toxicity testing cannot be overlooked.

中文翻译：

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封装钙钛矿太阳能电池以实现长期稳定性并防止铅中毒

卤化铅钙钛矿太阳能电池（PSC）已经以非常快的速度实现了与现有硅太阳能电池相当的显着效率。此外，可溶液加工的简便技术提供了这些太阳能电池的低成本、低温、可扩展的制造。许多研究都集中在提高 PSC 的性能、稳定性和加工过程上。然而，潜在的铅毒性和较差的长期稳定性阻碍了它们的商业化。近年来，多项研究开发了新型 PSC 封装剂，可以同时提高稳定性并阻止潜在的铅泄漏。尽管在这两方面都做出了改进，但迄今为止还没有任何解决方案能够达到可带来市场突破的稳定性和防泄漏水平。在此，我们对近年来采用的PSC封装和防铅漏技术进行分析。虽然大多数相关研究都集中在提高稳定性或毒性上，但我们注意到，这两个问题都可以通过合适的密封剂来解决，该密封剂既不能渗透水分，也不能渗透 Pb2+ 离子。此外，缺乏统一标准的稳定性测试方案，导致稳定性测试需要在多种温度、湿度和环境条件下进行。因此，制定稳定性和铅毒性测试标准方案的紧迫性不容忽视。