Cadastral surveying involves the delineation of property boundaries and the extent and documentation of easements and restrictions (imposed by private or public law), forming the foundation for Land Administration (LA). Survey models and processes constitute vital parts of Cadastres and Land Administration Systems (LASs). However, these models are often inadequately documented and lack standardization in practice. To address the global diversity and complexity of legal and administrative challenges in LA, standardization efforts have yielded the ISO 19152:2012 (ISO, 2012) Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), the Global Land Tool Network's (GLTN) Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM), and the OGC LandInfra/InfraGML standard. The current edition of the LADM focuses on standardised conceptual modelling of LA-related information, including a dedicated sub-package for Spatial and Surveying representation. As part of the ongoing LADM revision, a refined survey model is being developed to support a broad range of surveying and data acquisition approaches and levels of accuracy. Recognizing that surveying technology is not bound by national practices and regulations, this paper focuses specifically on the surveying aspect of LADM. It illustrates that the proposed refined survey model is applicable not only to conventional real property formation but also to participatory land rights recordation processes. The approach adopted in this research is technology-neutral, accommodating the ongoing evolution of surveying technology. It offers support for a broad range of surveying and data acquisition approaches, with varying levels of accuracy. The main results presented in this paper are the conceptual model of the refined survey model of LADM Edition II (ISO19152–2), as well as an abstract, reference, cadastral surveying workflow following the principles of the proposed model.

中文翻译：

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完善 LADM ISO 19152-2 的调查模型：土地登记

地籍测量涉及财产边界的划分以及地役权和限制（由私法或公法施加）的范围和记录，构成土地管理（LA）的基础。调查模型和流程构成地籍和土地管理系统 (LAS) 的重要组成部分。然而，这些模型往往没有充分记录，并且在实践中缺乏标准化。为了解决洛杉矶法律和行政挑战的全球多样性和复杂性，标准化工作产生了 ISO 19152:2012 (ISO, 2012) 土地管理领域模型 (LADM)、全球土地工具网络 (GLTN) 社会保有权领域模型 ( STDM）和 OGC LandInfra/InfraGML 标准。 LADM 的当前版本侧重于 LA 相关信息的标准化概念建模，包括用于空间和测量表示的专用子包。作为正在进行的 LADM 修订的一部分，正在开发一个完善的测量模型，以支持广泛的测量和数据采集方法以及准确度水平。认识到测量技术不受国家实践和法规的约束，本文特别关注 LADM 的测量方面。它表明，所提出的精细化调查模型不仅适用于传统的房地产形成，也适用于参与式土地权利备案过程。本研究采用的方法是技术中立的，适应测量技术的不断发展。它为各种测量和数据采集方法提供支持，具有不同的准确度。本文提出的主要成果是 LADM 第二版 (ISO19152-2) 的精细测量模型的概念模型，以及遵循该模型原则的抽象、参考、地籍测量工作流程。