Objective:

The role of negative parenting in the development of callous-unemotional (CU) traits remains unclear. Both negative parenting and CU traits are influenced by genetic and environmental factors. The authors used genetically informed longitudinal cross-lagged models to examine the extent to which reciprocal effects between negative parenting and children’s CU traits in mid-to-late childhood are genetic versus environmental in origin.

Methods:

In 9,260 twin pairs from the Twins Early Development Study, the authors estimated cross-lagged effects between negative parenting (discipline and feelings) and children’s CU traits in mid (ages 7–9) and late (ages 9–12) childhood.

Results:

CU traits were strongly heritable and stable. Stability was explained largely by genetic factors. The influence of negative parenting on the development of CU traits was small and driven mostly by genetic and shared environmental factors. In mid childhood, the influence of children’s CU traits on subsequent negative parenting (i.e., evoked by children’s CU traits) was also small and mostly genetic in origin. In late childhood, CU traits showed no effects on negative parental discipline and small effects on negative parental feelings, which reflected mostly shared environmental factors.

Conclusions:

In mid-to-late childhood, genetic factors strongly influenced the development of CU traits, whereas environmental effects of negative parenting were small. Negative parenting was also relatively unaffected by CU traits. The small reciprocal effects originated mostly from genetic and shared environmental factors. Therefore, repeated intensive interventions addressing multiple risk factors rather than negative parenting alone may be best positioned to support families of children with CU traits across development.

中文翻译：

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消极养育与儿童中后期冷酷无情特征之间的相互影响

客观的：

消极养育在冷酷无情（CU）特征发展中的作用仍不清楚。消极养育和 CU 特征都受到遗传和环境因素的影响。作者使用遗传信息纵向交叉滞后模型来研究消极养育方式与儿童中后期的 CU 特征之间的相互影响在多大程度上是遗传与环境的根源。

方法：

在双胞胎早期发展研究的 9,260 对双胞胎中，作者估计了消极养育（纪律和感情）与儿童中期（7-9 岁）和晚期（9-12 岁）的 CU 特征之间的交叉滞后效应。

结果：

CU性状具有很强的遗传性和稳定性。稳定性很大程度上是由遗传因素解释的。消极养育对 CU 性状发展的影响很小，主要是由遗传和共同的环境因素驱动的。在童年中期，儿童的 CU 特征对随后的消极养育（即由儿童的 CU 特征引起）的影响也很小，而且主要是遗传性的。在童年晚期，CU特质对负面父母管教没有影响，对负面父母情感影响很小，这主要反映了共同的环境因素。

结论：

在童年中晚期，遗传因素对CU特征的发展有很大影响，而消极养育的环境影响则很小。消极养育也相对不受 CU 特征的影响。微小的相互影响主要源于遗传和共同的环境因素。因此，针对多种风险因素的反复强化干预，而不是仅仅采取消极养育方式，可能最适合支持具有 CU 特征的儿童的家庭的整个发展过程。