Political discontent, frequently mirrored in voting patterns, extends beyond ballot votes. By focusing on Valparaiso, Chile, we introduce a more comprehensive measure, external political efficacy (EPE), capturing a sense of abandonment and gauging public sentiment towards the political system’s responsiveness to their needs. Our analysis addresses individual and area-level factors underpinning individual variations in EPE. The evidence suggests that long-term territorial socio-economic disadvantage, rather than low-paid employment, is significantly related to individual discontent, highlighting lowered beliefs in system responsiveness.

中文翻译：

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不满的地域：测量和理解智利瓦尔帕莱索地区的被遗弃感（2019-2021）

政治不满常常反映在投票模式中，其范围超出了选票范围。通过关注智利瓦尔帕莱索，我们引入了更全面的衡量标准，即外部政治效能（EPE），捕捉抛弃感并衡量公众对政治体系对其需求的响应程度的情绪。我们的分析解决了导致 EPE 个体差异的个体和区域层面的因素。证据表明，长期的地区社会经济劣势，而不是低薪就业，与个人不满情绪显着相关，凸显了对系统响应能力的信心下降。