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Advancing the Manufacture of Metal Anodes for Metal Batteries
Accounts of Materials Research ( IF 14.6 ) Pub Date : 2024-01-26 , DOI: 10.1021/accountsmr.3c00231 Pan He 1 , Yupei Han 1 , Yang Xu 1
Accounts of Materials Research ( IF 14.6 ) Pub Date : 2024-01-26 , DOI: 10.1021/accountsmr.3c00231 Pan He 1 , Yupei Han 1 , Yang Xu 1
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Figure 1. Illustrations of pretreatment methods and processing strategies for metal anodes. (a) The diagram shows typical pretreatment methods for raw metals, including physical and chemical, as well as mixed/advanced approaches, such as laser and plasma processes. All the pretreatment methods can produce a fresh surface of the foil. (b) The diagram shows a typical top-down process to produce metal anodes, which involves rolling, coiling, and cutting processes. (9) Reproduced with permission from ref (9). Copyright 2021 American Chemical Society. (c) The diagram shows a typical bottom-up process to prepare metal anodes. Metal anodes can be fabricated using various physical methods, such as spin-casting of molten metals, slurry coating of metal powders, and PVD for ingots/chips. In addition, metal anodes can be electrodeposited onto a 3D current collector. Figure 2. Illustrations of the imperfections introduced during the processing of metal anodes. The left part of the illustrations shows surface roughness, scratches, and folds introduced during a top-down pressing and rolling process; the right part of the illustrations shows pinholes, cracks, and stratifications introduced during a bottom-up process; the overlapping part of the illustrations shows the imperfections shared between the two processes, including oxidation, residual stress, and edge variations. Figure 3. Plating behaviors of untreated and treated anodes. (a) Imperfections of untreated anodes trigger dendrite growth during electrochemical cycling. (b) Three typical post-treatment strategies include surface modifications, structural control, and artificial coatings can improve the uniformity of the anode, (c) thereby promoting uniform electrodeposition. Contaminants may be present in commercially available metal sheets/foils, but they are rarely noted and studied. They can be impurities from raw materials, lubricants oil, dust, or oxides, from processing, packaging, shipping, and storage. They can cause adverse effects on the manufacturing process and electrochemical performance. Processing sequence can affect the properties of the final anodes. In a typical example, cutting a metal may introduce fresh edges, which could show many different properties to the post-treatment anode, nullifying the benefits obtained from previous optimization efforts. Besides the performance of the anodes, the manufacturing strategies during pretreatment, processing, and post-treatment should be holistically considered in terms of manufacturability, scalability, and cost-effectiveness. Considering the highly reactive nature of Li, Na, K, and Ca metals, safety issues during transportation, storage, and manufacturing require a thorough plan and careful execution. This is particularly crucial for large-scale manufacturing. Figure 4. Schematic illustration of a scalable and continuous manufacturing process for metal anodes. All authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript and have approved the definitive version of the manuscript. Pan He is a postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Chemistry at University College London, prior to which he was a postdoctoral researcher at Northwestern University (USA) and then moved to Westlake University (China) to continue his work. He holds a Ph.D. in Material Science and Engineering from Wuhan University of Technology (China). His research interests are advanced manufacturing and processing of electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage as well as in situ characterization methods. Yupei Han is a Ph.D. student in the Department of Chemistry at University College London. He received his Bachelor’s (2018) and Master’s (2021) degrees at the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China. His research focuses on the development of next-generation energy-storage materials and systems, particularly the development of stable potassium–metal and potassium–sulfur batteries. Yang Xu is an Associate Professor in Energy Storage in the Department of Chemistry at University College London, UK. He received his B.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Science and Technology of China. His research focuses on next-generation battery materials and chemistries, particularly metal batteries, cation intercalation, and anionic redox activities. He was the recipient of the MINE Outstanding Young Scientist Award (2019), the EPSRC New Investigator Award (2020), and the STFC Early Career Award (2023). He recently joined the Faraday Institution-funded CATMAT project as a coinvestigator. Y.X. acknowledges the financial support of the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/X000087/1, EP/V000152/1), Leverhulme Trust (RPG-2021-138), Royal Society (IEC\NSFC\223016), and Science and Technology Facilities Council Batteries Network (ST/R006873/1). For the purpose of open access, the author has applied for a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license to any author-accepted manuscript version arising. This article references 24 other publications. This article has not yet been cited by other publications. Figure 1. Illustrations of pretreatment methods and processing strategies for metal anodes. (a) The diagram shows typical pretreatment methods for raw metals, including physical and chemical, as well as mixed/advanced approaches, such as laser and plasma processes. All the pretreatment methods can produce a fresh surface of the foil. (b) The diagram shows a typical top-down process to produce metal anodes, which involves rolling, coiling, and cutting processes. (9) Reproduced with permission from ref (9). Copyright 2021 American Chemical Society. (c) The diagram shows a typical bottom-up process to prepare metal anodes. Metal anodes can be fabricated using various physical methods, such as spin-casting of molten metals, slurry coating of metal powders, and PVD for ingots/chips. In addition, metal anodes can be electrodeposited onto a 3D current collector. Figure 2. Illustrations of the imperfections introduced during the processing of metal anodes. The left part of the illustrations shows surface roughness, scratches, and folds introduced during a top-down pressing and rolling process; the right part of the illustrations shows pinholes, cracks, and stratifications introduced during a bottom-up process; the overlapping part of the illustrations shows the imperfections shared between the two processes, including oxidation, residual stress, and edge variations. Figure 3. Plating behaviors of untreated and treated anodes. (a) Imperfections of untreated anodes trigger dendrite growth during electrochemical cycling. (b) Three typical post-treatment strategies include surface modifications, structural control, and artificial coatings can improve the uniformity of the anode, (c) thereby promoting uniform electrodeposition. Figure 4. Schematic illustration of a scalable and continuous manufacturing process for metal anodes. This article references 24 other publications.
更新日期：2024-01-26
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