Empirical evidence consistently shows that discordance, also called dissociation or discrepancy, between actual physiological (mainly visceral) events and their perceived counterparts is substantial. On the one hand, we typically do not perceive actual visceral events occurring in our bodies; on the other hand, sometimes we do perceive bodily changes that do not really take place. This narrative review presents the available empirical findings on the discordance, and summarizes possible explanations that approach the phenomenon from the viewpoint of evolution, cognitive development, and predictive processing. Also, the role of top-down factors, such as expectations and experiences is discussed. Finally, practically relevant consequences of the discordance are presented using the examples of mind-body practices, the placebo and nocebo phenomenon, and medically unexplained symptoms. It is concluded that the discordance between actual and perceived body changes can have a negative impact on health, mainly through issues with adherence and other behavioral factors. The existence of actual-perceived discordance should be taught and demonstrated in the elementary and high school, as well as in many areas of higher education.

中文翻译：

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模糊的感觉。关于实际和感知的生理变化之间不一致的背景和后果

经验证据一致表明，实际生理（主要是内脏）事件与其感知的对应事件之间的不一致（也称为分离或差异）是巨大的。一方面，我们通常不会感知到我们体内发生的实际内脏事件；另一方面，有时我们确实感知到身体的变化，但实际上并没有发生。这篇叙述性评论介绍了关于这种不一致的现有实证研究结果，并总结了从进化、认知发展和预测处理的角度来解释这一现象的可能解释。此外，还讨论了自上而下因素（例如期望和经验）的作用。最后，通过身心实践、安慰剂和反安慰剂现象以及医学上无法解释的症状的例子，展示了这种不一致的实际相关后果。结论是，实际和感知的身体变化之间的不一致会对健康产生负面影响，主要是通过坚持问题和其他行为因素。应该在小学和高中以及高等教育的许多领域中教授和展示实际感知到的不一致的存在。