Although the notion of cognitive aging is commonly associated with decline in popular culture, a wealth of scientific literature shows that cognitive aging is more aptly characterized as multidirectional, such that trajectories of cognitive changes include areas of stability and growth (e.g., general knowledge) in addition to decline (e.g., episodic long-term memory). This article overviews these multidirectional trajectories, the heterogeneous factors that moderate the rate of change across individual trajectories, and the extensive literature that has investigated the most important factors, such as working memory, that constrain cognition across the adult lifespan. In light of the multidirectional nature of cognitive change, increasing research has considered methods to leverage the often-overlooked benefits of getting older to ameliorate cognitive deficits.

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认知衰老特征概述

尽管认知老化的概念通常与流行文化的衰退相关，但大量科学文献表明，认知老化更适合描述为多向的，因此认知变化的轨迹包括稳定和增长的领域（例如常识）。除了衰退（例如情景长期记忆）。本文概述了这些多向轨迹、调节个体轨迹变化率的异质因素，以及研究了限制成人一生认知的最重要因素（例如工作记忆）的大量文献。鉴于认知变化的多向性，越来越多的研究开始考虑如何利用年龄增长带来的经常被忽视的好处来改善认知缺陷。