People differ in their reaction to situations, resulting in Person × Situation interactions. These interactions have been emphasized by many theoretical accounts of personality. Nevertheless, empirical progress on Person × Situation interactions has been slow. This is in part attributable to an insufficient distinction of person and situation variables and of different types of interaction effects. We propose a framework distinguishing four nested types of interaction effects varying in specificity: (a) P × S: broad Person × Situation interaction variance, (b) P × Sspec: between-person differences in situation variable-outcome associations, (c) Pspec × S: between-situation differences in person variable-outcome associations, and (d) Pspec × Sspec: specific Person Variable × Situation Variable interactions. We conducted two large online studies (N = 622 and N = 818) with standardized situation stimuli (N = 62 pictures and N = 62 first-person perspective videos) and assessed Big Five traits, DIAMONDS situation characteristics, and Big Five states. Using preregistered multilevel models, we systematically quantified the different interaction types. We found (a) large Person × Situation interaction variance in personality states, (b) sizable individual differences in situation characteristic-state contingencies, (c) consistent but smaller between-situation differences in trait-state associations, and (d) some significant but (very) small Personality Trait × Situation Characteristic interactions. Our findings highlight Person × Situation interactions as potentially important predictors of psychological states, although the explanation of these interactions through specific person variables remains difficult. Individual differences in the reaction to situations should be incorporated into our models of personality. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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区分四种类型的人×情境交互：综合框架和实证检验。

人们对情况的反应不同，从而导致人×情况的相互作用。许多关于人格的理论解释都强调了这些相互作用。然而，人×情境相互作用的实证进展缓慢。这部分归因于对人和情境变量以及不同类型的交互效应的区分不够充分。我们提出了一个框架，区分特异性不同的四种嵌套类型的交互效应：（a）P×S：广泛的人×情境交互方差，（b）P×Sspec：情境变量-结果关联中的人与人之间的差异，（c） Pspec × S：人变量与结果关联的情境差异，以及 (d) Pspec × Sspec：特定人变量 × 情境变量交互作用。我们使用标准化情境刺激（N = 62 张图片和 N = 62 个第一人称视角视频）进行了两项大型在线研究（N = 622 和 N = 818），并评估了大五特征、钻石情境特征和大五状态。使用预先注册的多级模型，我们系统地量化了不同的交互类型。我们发现（a）人格状态中人与情境的相互作用差异很大，（b）情境特征-状态偶然性中存在相当大的个体差异，（c）特质-状态关联中情境间差异一致但较小，以及（d）一些显着的差异但（非常）小的人格特质×情境特征相互作用。我们的研究结果强调，人×情境的相互作用是心理状态的潜在重要预测因素，尽管通过特定的人变量来解释这些相互作用仍然很困难。对情况反应的个体差异应该纳入我们的人格模型中。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2023 APA，保留所有权利）。