Although co-production is typically understood as occurring when “regular” producers involve citizens in service delivery, co-production also takes place in relation to services that are initiated and/or controlled by citizens. Based on theories and typologies of co-production and the facilitation of citizen initiatives, we propose that there exists a spectrum of co-production where citizens are at the fore, discussed as four primary forms—citizen-owned (i.e., citizen initiatives), citizen-driven (ideas proposed by citizens, realized through collaboration with professionals), transitional (temporary co-production before transferring to citizens), and enforced (transfer of responsibility for service delivery). Professionals' roles vary under each of these ideal types, in relation to their contribution to the core service or complementary tasks, their degree of responsibility, and assumption of risk. Understanding these variations helps provide nuance to analyses of the role of the professional in co-production, as a means to collaborate with citizens in public service provision more effectively.

中文翻译：

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“我们不是来领导的”：“公民主导”联合制作中的专业角色和责任

虽然共同生产通常被理解为当“常规”生产者让公民参与服务提供时发生，但共同生产也发生在与公民发起和/或控制的服务相关的情况下。基于共同生产的理论和类型以及公民倡议的促进，我们提出存在一系列以公民为主导的共同生产，分为四种主要形式——公民所有（即公民倡议）、公民驱动（公民提出的想法，通过与专业人士合作实现）、过渡性（在转移给公民之前临时共同制作）和强制执行（服务提供责任的转移）。在每种理想类型下，专业人员的角色各不相同，具体取决于他们对核心服务或补充任务的贡献、责任程度和风险承担。了解这些差异有助于分析专业人士在共同生产中的作用，作为更有效地与公民合作提供公共服务的一种手段。