Tumor cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that can function as mediators of intercellular communication in the tumor microenvironment. EVs contain a host of bioactive cargo, including membrane, cytosolic, and nuclear proteins, in addition to noncoding RNAs, other RNA types, and double-stranded DNA fragments. These shed vesicles may deposit paracrine information and can also be taken up by stromal cells, causing the recipient cells to undergo phenotypic changes that profoundly impact diverse facets of cancer progression. For example, this unique form of cellular cross talk helps condition the premetastatic niche, facilitates evasion of the immune response, and promotes invasive and metastatic activity. These findings, coupled with those demonstrating that the number and content of EVs produced by tumors can vary depending on their tumor of origin, disease stage, or response to therapy, have raised the exciting possibility that EVs can be used for risk stratification, diagnostic, and even prognostic purposes. We summarize recent developments and the current knowledge of EV cargoes, their impact on disease progression, and implementation of EV-based liquid biopsies as tumor biomarkers.

中文翻译：

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肿瘤来源的细胞外囊泡：肿瘤微环境中的多功能实体


肿瘤细胞释放细胞外囊泡（EV），其可以作为肿瘤微环境中细胞间通讯的介质。除了非编码 RNA、其他 RNA 类型和双链 DNA 片段外，EV 还含有大量生物活性物质，包括膜蛋白、胞浆蛋白和核蛋白。这些脱落的囊泡可能会沉积旁分泌信息，也可能被基质细胞吸收，导致受体细胞发生表型变化，从而深刻影响癌症进展的各个方面。例如，这种独特形式的细胞串扰有助于调节转移前生态位，促进逃避免疫反应，并促进侵袭和转移活动。这些发现，再加上证明肿瘤产生的 EV 的数量和含量可能会根据肿瘤起源、疾病阶段或对治疗的反应而变化，提出了 EV 可用于风险分层、诊断、甚至预测目的。我们总结了 EV 货物的最新发展和当前知识、它们对疾病进展的影响以及基于 EV 的液体活检作为肿瘤生物标志物的实施。